Information
and communication technologies (ICT) have become commonplace entities
in all aspects of life. The use of ICT in education lends itself to more
student-centred learning settings. ICTs for education refers to the
development of information and communications technology specifically
for teaching/learning purposes, while the ICTs in education involves the
adoption of general components of information and communication
technologies in the teaching learning process.
The adoption and use of ICTs in education have a positive impact on teaching, learning,
and research. ICT can affect the delivery of education and enable wider access to the same. In
addition, it will increase flexibility so that learners can access the education regardless of time
and geographical barriers. It can influence the way students are taught and how they learn. It
would provide the rich environment and motivation for teaching learning process which seems to
have a profound impact on the process of learning in education by offering new possibilities for
learners and teachers.
HR managers to be accountable and/or
responsible for the following business processes:
Preparing and reviewing capacity
planning.
Interviewing and recruting.
Managing personnel evidence.
Instituting programs for retention
and growth.
Evaluating employee efficence.
Desisgning administrative and
supportive processes.
Outplacement and discharge.
Perfformance Drivers
A “performance driver” will be
henceforth used to mark activities or actions that increase potential
to achieve hugher level of corporate performance, deliver increased
outcomes with available resources.
Performance drivers can be further
divided into several categories. Clear distinction can bemade for
example between the following categories:
For any and all organizations with
very rare exceptions and specific.
Consequently apllied and non
recursing (single use)
Competence: Translation competence is
the ability to carry out the transfer process from the comprehension
of the second language adquisition.
Model of translation competence that is
required to be able to translate
It is an expert knowledge and its not
processed by all bilinguals.
It is basically procedural (and not
declarative) knowledge.
The bilingual sub competence: consist
of the underlying systems of knowledge and skills that are needed for
linguistics, communication to take place in two languages.
There is a wide range of ICT available
to tranlators today. Among the general applications or tools, we have
the internet.
General ICT's for translators
The internet: one of the most
important tools offered are the search and location information
engines. (Google, yahoo, bing)
The use of corpus linguistics:
corpora are classified in two types: the monolingual corpora and the
bilingual corpora.
Concordance generator programs:
can find all the times that a certain term appears in a text.
Machine translation: a computer
program analyzes a source text and produces a target text without
human futher intervention.
Computer assisted translation: is
a form of translation wherein a human translator creates a target
text with the assistence of a computer program.
A global crisis: a shortage of
qualified linguists.
Paris declaration, 2010.
European institutions anticipate a
similar shortage in the next ten years.
Industries are concerned about this.
Average loss of 325,000 per business
How to tackle these crisis?
Through education.
School of thought leans to an
experimental and situated learning.
Difficulties for the method learning
Experience is viral in the learning
process, but for the experience to be valid, it is essential that
they learn “in context” (McLellan, 1994) and the context and
activities need to be authentic.
John Dewey (1859 – 1952): He es one
of the primary figures associated with the philosophy of pragmatism
and is considered one of the fathers of functional psychology.
Empowering students and fostering
teamwork and professional skills
The Wiki Tool.
It can support a collaborative
construction of knowledge; groups can be created on the VLE, and then
be assigned a page on the wiki, where they exchange and annotate their
join transition.
Finally, wikis can help provide access
to expert performance.
ICT are still a fertile field for
research and development. Software for translation is something that
still has a long way to go.
Reduce transaction costs and thereby
improve productivity.
Substitute for other, more expensive
means of communicating and transacting
Economic opportunity obstacles
Geographic isolation
Lack of competition and high prices for
consumers.
Lack of competition and low prices for
producers.
Legal exclusion.
Social capital
The business case for engagement
ICT companies to help the poor get
richer is opportunity
As decribed above, ICTs increase
efficiency, productivity, abd acces to goods, services, information
and markets.
Innovation blowback
Innovation must not only be affordable,
reliable, and relevant, it must also have the potentitial to blow
back.
Business strategies for the ICT Sector
in Expanding Economic Opportunity
The most important way ICT companies
can expand economic opportunity is to get those technologies out
there and simultaneosly drive the development and diversification of
relevant content, applications, and services.
Selling to local markets
Horizontal depending: is about adding
new costumers.
Vertical depending: seek to grow
markets by connecting, technology more directly to opportunities and
services that can increase.
Valentine's Day is an old tradition thought to have originated from a Roman Festival known as Lupercalia. It was held on February 15 as a fertility festival dedicated to Faunus, the Roman god of agriculture.
During the celebrations boys would draw names of girls from a box and the pair would be partners during the festival.
These matches often led to marriage.
The
festival survived the initial rise of Christianity but was outlawed at
the end of the 5th century when Pope Gelasius declared February 14 St
Valentine's Day.
It was not until the 14th century that this Christian feast day became
definitively associated with love. According to UCLA medieval scholar
Henry Ansgar Kelly, author of Chaucer and the Cult of Saint Valentine, it was Chaucer who first linked St. Valentine's Day with romance.
Who was St Valentine?
The day gets its name from a famous saint, but there are several stories of who he was.
The popular belief about St Valentine is that he was a priest from Rome in the third century AD. Emperor Claudius II had banned marriage because he
thought married men were bad soldiers. Valentine felt this was unfair,
so he broke the rules and arranged marriages in secret.
When Claudius found out, Valentine was thrown in jail and sentenced to death.
There,
he fell in love with the jailer's daughter and when he was taken to be
killed on 14 February he sent her a love letter signed "from your
Valentine".
Meaning of Valentine's Day
Valentine's Day is a day to celebrate romance, love and devotion. It is usually celebrated by giving friends, family and especially significant others flowers and gifts to show affection.
Characteristics of Valentine's Day
Valentine's Day is known by giving gifts or little presents to your friends or beloved people. It's a way to express love in a special moment. Maybe the most known characteristics are gorgeous flowers and scrumptious chocolates; handmade carts and silk pajamas. These are a few items typically associated with Valentine's Day.
Valentine's Day nowadays
Valentine's day these days is not as special as the beginning. I think big companies such as Coca Cola and others took this day to increase their amount of money. Nowadays it's just a marketing thing.
It's a pretty idea to give something special to your friends or your boyfriend/girlfriend, but I think it's not neccesary to have an specific day to do it, also, expensive gifts are completely unnecesary. If you love your partner or your family and friends, you will show your love everyday, not only one.
Computing, connectivity, content, capacity. These are
the four C's of the ITC's. The four C's will help us to a greater
approach of the ICT's and the benefits they carry.
ITC's and
develpment
ICT's have
certain roles depending on he goal or target aimed. If for example the goal is
to erradicate hunger and pverty, the role of ICT's is to acces to market
information and reduce transaction costs. Achiveve universal primary education:
Increase supply of trained teacher and broaden availability of quality
educational materials. Promote gender equality and empower women: Delivel
educational and literacy programs specifically targeted to poor girls and
women. Reduce child mortality, imporve maternal health and combat aids and
other diseases: Increase monitoring and inoformation-sharing on disease and
famine; Increase acces to reproducitve health informaion. Ensure enviromental sustentability:
Increase access to awareness of susteinable development strategies.
World summit
on the information society
ICT
challenges: Awareness, availability, accesibility and affordability.
Hardware and
software cost:
Affordability is a prime factor in
the digital divide.
Software scales only with skilled
humans. Open source software is often very difficult for unskilled users.
Connectivity
costs: Shared acces model = pay as you use/ Brpadband: flat-rate
Robustness:
Telecommunication equipment is designed to have 99.999% of reliability.
Passive
consumptions of content – Active production of information.
Usability
and interface: The use of ICT requires a level of literacy, both lingual and
technical. We need to transform complex technologies into user-friendly
systems.
Security:
Security is a concern even for uninformed or unaware end-users, it places
implicit cost on all transactions. Computer Energy Response Teams (CERT)
Regulation
and policy: Many developing countries regulate ICT's restictively. In these
coynrties telecom providers end to be Government companies. Countries with
fewer restrictions often find higher levels of ICT adoption.
Digital
information and broadcasting: Digital information can be broadcast easioy and
there is already widespread usage of digital tv and even radio. The uses of
digital media reduces the marginal cost on information transmission
significantly.
1.Which are the four components (4C's)
of ICTs?
2.Mention at least three targets of
ICTs.
3.What are the challenges that ICT
have to face?
4.Mention four characteristics the
Internet of the uture must have.
The electronic age is what we currently live in. It can be defined as the
time between 1940 and maybe right now. The ENIAC was the first high-speed,
digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of
computing problems. This computer was designed to be used by the U.S. Army
for artillery firing tables. This machine was even bigger than the Mark 1
taking up 680 square feet and weighing 30 tons. It mainly used
vacuum tubes to do its calculations.
Also, the integrated circuit was invented, it had faster operating speed and was invented by Jack Kilby.
There are 4 main sections of digital computing. The first was the era of
vacuum tubes and punch cards like the ENIAC and Mark 1.The second generation replaced vacuum
tubes with transistors, punch cards were replaced with magnetic tape, and
rotating magnetic drums were replaced by magnetic cores for internal storage.
Also during this time high-level programming languages were created such as
FORTRAN and COBOL. The third generation replaced transistors with integrated
circuits, magnetic tape was used throughout all computers, and magnetic core
turned into metal oxide semiconductors. An actual operating system showed up
around this time along with the advanced programming language BASIC. The fourth
and latest generation brought in CPUs (central processing units) which
contained memory, logic, and control circuits all on a single chip. The
personal comptuer was developed (Apple II). The graphical user interface (GUI)
was developed.
The electromechanical era can be defined as the time
between 1840 and 1940. It is the time when the telecommunication had begun. In the early 1800s the telegraph was created, also Alessandro Volta invented the voltaic pile which is considered to be the first source of stored electricity in the 8th Century. The telephone (one of the most popular forms of communication
ever) was created by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876. The first radio developed
by Guglielmo Marconi in 1894. All of this inventions were crucial to the advances in the information technology field.
Couple years later, in the U.S.A was created by the Harvard University the first large-scale automatic digital computer. This computer was really HUGE.
The idea of using machines to solve mathematical problems can be traced
at least as far as the early 17th century. Mathematicians who designed
and implemented calculators that were capable of addition, subtraction,
multiplication, and division included Wilhelm Schickhard, Blaise Pascal,
and Gottfried Leibnitz.
The first multipurpose, i.e. programmable, computing device was probably
Charles Babbage's Difference Engine, which was begun in 1823 but never
completed. A more ambitious machine was the Analytical Engine. It was
designed in 1842, but unfortunately it also was only partially completed
by Babbage. Babbage. was truly a man ahead of his time: many historians
think the major reason he was unable to complete these projects was the
fact that the technology of the day was not reliable enough. In spite
of never building a complete working machine, Babbage and his
colleagues, most notably Ada, Countess of Lovelace, recognized several
important programming techniques, including conditional branches,
iterative loops and index.
The premechanical age is the earliest age of information technology. It
can be defined as the time between 3000B.C. and 1450A.D. We are talking
about a long time ago. When humans first started communicating they
would try to use language or simple picture drawings known as
petroglyths which were usually carved in rock. Early alphabets were
developed such as the Phoenician alphabet.
Time which various systems were made that didn't need any mechanical
effort, so it is called the pre-mechanical age of computers.
-Comminications:
Drawings
Speaking
-Input tecnologies
Write their symbols in a kind of stone (like a wall)
